I wish to thank Dr. Neil L. Rudenstine, President of Harvard University, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall.

Since its founding some 360 years ago, Harvard has nurtured a great number of outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers and businessmen, including six of the American Presidents and over thirty Nobel Prize winners. The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of America testifies to its position in the American history.

Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university. Harvard has thus made useful contribution to the enhanced mutual understanding between the Chinese and American peoples.

Mutual understanding is the basis for state-to-state relations. Without it, it would be impossible for countries to build trust and promote cooperation with each other. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the United States, the exchanges and mutual understanding between our two peoples have broadened and deepened steadily. However, this is not enough. To promote the development of China-U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.

To know China better, one may approach it from different angles. China today has been evolved from its past. China is a country with 5,000 years of civilization. Therefore, it is important to approach China from a historical and cultural perspective.

I recall my first lesson on calculus in senior high school. My teacher quoted a line from Zhuang Zi, a Chinese philosopher over 2,000 years ago, which reads “Cut away half of a rod and keep on halving what is left, and there will be no end to that process.” This gave me a vivid concept of limit. It shows that the ancient Chinese realized the endless process of changes of matters and had a fairly good understanding of the nature. As early as in 2,500 B.C., Chinese began astronomical observation and geographical survey, and gradually formed a world outlook of an “integration of the universe and humanity.” China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, scientists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature. The scene of “contention of a hundred schools of thought” brought forth in the Spring and Autumn Period 2,500 years ago and the Warring States Period over 2,200 years ago and the emergence of various schools of thought and their exponents such as Lao Zi and Confucius about 2,400 years ago all occupy a very important position in the world history of philosophy. Ancient China made unique contributions to many areas of science including astronomy, calendric system, geography, mathematics, agriculture, medicine and the humanities. Records of solar and lunar eclipses are found in the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty over 3,000 years ago. In the 2,100 years from the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty (221 BC-1911), the 27 appearances of Halley Comet were all recorded in China. Zhang Heng of the Han Dynasty over 1,800 years ago invented a seismograph to determine the location of earthquakes and the celestial globe that showed the movement of the sun, moon and other stars.

Mathematicians in the pre-Qin days over 2,200 years ago put forward the proposition known as the Pythagorean theorem in the West today. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the 4th century A.D., China’s mathematician Zu Chongzhi calculated the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 3.1415926. China’s silk weaving, porcelain making, metallurgy and shipbuilding reached the world’s advanced level in ancient times. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zaiyu initiated the twelve-tone temperament which later became the universal standard tones. The Chinese medicine is a unique school of its own. Particularly, China’s four great inventions of paper making, gunpowder, printing and compass had once changed the face of the world. China had been a world leader in science and technology for one thousand years until the 15th century. These inventions and creations of China have brought forward the rationalistic brilliance of coordination between humanity and the nature and the integration of scientific spirit with moral ideals.

China’s culture in history has never stopped developing. It has enriched itself through the contention and infiltration of various disciplines and schools of thought, and also through the mutual exchanges and learning between China and other countries in the world. Since old times, the Chinese people came to know full well the importance of “drawing widely upon others’ strong points to improve oneself.” The Han and Tang Dynasty were both an age of economic prosperity and also one of flourishing international exchanges. Imperial envoy Zhang Qian’s trip to the “West” in the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) over 2,000 years ago opened up the world-famous Silk Road; Eminent Monk Xuan Zang of the Tang Dynasty (618-907) brought back ancient culture after braving long journey to South Asian countries. In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Chinese navigator Cheng Ho led a fleet to what that then people called the “West Sea” seven times in the 15th century, spreading the Chinese culture to distant land. Only later on, especially in late Qing Dynasty, the feudal rulers adopted a policy of seclusion, which hampered China’s progress and its exchanges with the outside world. After the Opium War (1840-1842), generation after generation of enlightened Chinese people have, for national rejuvenation, spared no efforts in learning from Western countries advanced science and cultural achievements in combination with China’s realities and pushing for China’s social reforms and development. Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-up a basic state policy and conducted extensive exchanges and cooperation with the rest of the world, thus creating a brand-new situation in its opening-up endeavor in the Chinese history.

Sunlight is composed of seven colors, so is our world full of colors and splendor. Every country and every nation has its own historical and cultural traditions, strong points and advantages. We should respect and learn from each other and draw upon other’s strong points to offset one’s own deficiencies for achieving common progress.

In the prolonged course of development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been either developed or discarded with the changes of the times and social progress. These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on China’s road of development today. Here, I would like to make the following observations which I hope will help you to know China better.

First, the tradition of solidarity and unity. The Chinese nation is a big family composed of 56 nationalities. Since the time immemorial, people of all nationalities have established closely-knitted political, economic and cultural links and joined hands in developing the vast land of our country. China became a vast unified country more than 2,000 years ago. The deep-rooted Chinese culture become a strong bond for ethnic harmony and national unity. Solidarity and unity have been inscribed in the hearts of the Chinese people as part of their national identity. Despite occasional division in the Chinese history, ethnic harmony and national unity have remained the main stream in the history of the Chinese nation, and an important guarantee for China’s development and progress. The founding of the People’s Republic of China marked an unprecedented great unity of the Chinese nation. A new type of relationship of equality, solidarity and mutual assistance between different nationalities has been established. People of all nationalities enjoy full rights and freedoms provided for by the law. In places where there is a high concentration of minority nationality people, regional autonomy is in practice. These regions have witnessed continued economic and social development. All these have laid a solid political foundation for consolidated national unity.

Second, the tradition of maintaining independence. Our ancestors always regarded the spirit of maintaining independence as the foundation of a nation. As one of the cradles of human civilization, China has all along maintained its cultural tradition without letup in the history of several thousand years. In modern times, the frequent bullying and humiliation by imperialist powers once weakened China. However, after a hundred years’ struggle of the entire Chinese nation, China has stood up again as a giant. This fully testifies to the indestructible strength of this independent national spirit of the Chinese people. Today, in finding a road to development suited to us, we will proceed from our own national conditions to address the issue of how to conduct economic construction and political and cultural advancement without blindly copying other countries’ models. In handling international affairs, we decide our positions and policies from an independent approach. The Chinese people cherish its friendship and cooperation with other peoples, as well as their right to independence they have won through protracted struggles.

Third, the peace-loving tradition. Chinese thinkers of the pre-Qin days (over 2,000 years ago) advanced the doctrine “loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country.” This is a reflection of the aspiration of the Chinese people for a peaceful world where people of all countries live in harmony. Today, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever a long-term international environment of peace and a favorable neighboring environment. China’s foreign policy is peace-oriented. We will establish and develop friendly relations and cooperation with all countries in the world on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, especially the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. We will never impose upon others the kind of sufferings we once experienced. A developing and progressing China does not pose a threat to anyone. China will never seek hegemony even if it is developed in the future. China is always a staunch force for world peace and regional stability.

Fourth, the tradition of constantly striving for self-perfection. Through observing the changing nature of the universe and all earthly matters, ancient Chinese philosophers proposed the following doctrine: “As Heaven maintains vigor through movement, a gentleman should constantly strive for self-perfection.” This idea has become an important moral strength, spurring the Chinese people to work hard for reform and renovation. The fruits of China’s ancient civilization were brought about by the tireless efforts and hard work of the Chinese nation. In the past one hundred years or so, the Chinese people have waged arduous struggles to get rid of the sufferings under semi-colonial and semi-feudal rule. 

Dr. Sun Yat-sen, China’s forerunner of the democratic revolution, was the first to put forward the slogan of “rejuvenation of China.” He led the Revolution of 1911 to remove the millennia old autocratic monarchy in China. Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese Communist Party led the Chinese people in achieving China’s national independence and people’s liberation and in building China into a socialist country with initial prosperity. Today, guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Chinese people are firmly pressing ahead with reform and opening-up and have made remarkable achievements in the modernization drive. China has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development in this century.

The reform and opening-up endeavor is an embodiment and a creative development of the Chinese spirit of constantly striving for self-perfection and renovation in modern times. We refer to our reform and opening-up as socialist reform and opening-up because they constitute the process of self-improvement and development of the socialist system in China. The practice in recent twenty years has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes. We have successfully overcome various difficulties and risks in the course of our advance without causing great social unrest. Rather, we have succeeded in greatly releasing and developing productive forces and maintained social stability and an all-round progress.

We are conducting a comprehensive reform with full confidence. Economically, we will speed up the establishment of a socialist market economy and realize industrialization, and the socialization, marketization and modernization of the economy. Politically, we will endeavor to develop socialist democracy, govern the country according to law, build a socialist country under the rule of law and ensure the full exercise of people’s rights to govern the country and manage social affairs. Culturally, we will work hard to develop a scientific socialist culture for the people, a culture that is geared to the needs of modernization, of the nation, of the world and of the future, adopt a strategy of rejuvenating China through science and education, and strive to raise the political and moral standards as well as scientific and cultural level of the entire nation. In a word, it is to build our country into a prosperous, strong, democratic and culturally advanced modern country.

China, a country with vast territory, a big population and a long history, should make greater contribution to humanity. The Chinese people waged a dauntless struggle for one hundred years. They have effected great reforms and changes one after another to build China into a strong and prosperous country. They have worked to strengthen ethnic harmony and achieve national reunification and to promote the lofty cause of world peace and development. In the final analysis, they have done all these for one objective, that is the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and China’s greater contribution to humanity.

In short, the choice of the social system and development path that China has made, the domestic and foreign policies that it has pursued and the goals it has identified for the next century are all based on both the reality and the history. Therefore, they are not only in conformity with the trend of the historical development of mankind and that of the times, but also reflect the characteristics of the Chinese nation. They serve not only the fundamental interests of the Chinese people, but also world peace, stability, prosperity and progress. This is the key to an understanding of the present China and its future.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

The friendly exchanges between the Chinese and American peoples date back to more than two hundred years ago. Back in 1784, American merchant ship the “Empress of China” came a long way to China. In 1847, Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the United States as the first group of Chinese students to study here. Many Chinese contributed to the nation-building of the United States, while a lot of American friends helped and supported the national liberation cause of the Chinese people. We will never forget their contribution which has touched us deeply.

The Chinese people have always admired the American people for their pragmatic attitude and creative spirit. My visit to IBM, AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand knowledge of the latest successes in modern science and technology. Today’s rapid development in science and technology is bringing about increasingly greater impact on global political and economic pattern and people’s social life. If we persist in our reform, we will be able to turn our ideals into reality. In our course to further open up and achieve modernization, we have spared no efforts in learning from all the fine cultural achievements of the American people.

Friendship and cooperation between our two peoples are of great importance to the world. The United States is the most developed country and China the largest developing country. China is a country with 1.2 billion people. Its stability and rapid development is of vital importance to the stability and development in Asia-Pacific and the world at large. China holds a huge market and great demand for development and the United States holds advanced science and technology as well as enormous material force. The economies of the two countries are therefore highly complementary with each other. China’s potential market, once combined with foreign advanced technology and capital, will produce many opportunities and great vigor for development. China and the United States share broad common interests and shoulder common responsibility on many important questions which are crucial to human survival and development such as maintaining world peace and security, preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction, protecting environment for human survival and combating international crimes. All these provide an important basis for further developing China-U.S. friendly relations and cooperation. We should take a firm hold of the overall interests of China-U.S. relations and settle our differences properly so as to reach the goal of promoting mutual understanding, broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together.

During my current visit to the United States, I had an in-depth exchange of views and reached broad agreement with President Clinton on the future development of China-U.S. relations. We both agree that with a view to promoting the lofty cause of world peace and development, China and the United States should strengthen cooperation and work to build a constructive strategic partnership oriented toward the 21st century. This will mark a new stage of development in the China-U.S. relations.

Harvard University has all along placed importance on China studies. The late Professor Fairbank was a well-known scholar from Harvard. He devoted all his life to the study of Chinese history and culture. In order to promote the study of China’s past and present, I will present Harvard with a set of newly published Twenty-Four Histories with Mao Zedong’s Comments. Twenty-Four Histories are important classical works on China’s history of several thousand years. In his life time, Mr. Mao Zedong made numerous comments and annotations on the Twenty-Four Histories, thus leaving us with a rich heritage of philosophy in understanding and drawing useful lessons from China’s history.I am glad to learn that you, Mr. President, will come to China next year. I look forward to meeting you again in Beijing or Shanghai.

I highly appreciate the motto on the gate of your University. It reads: “Enter to grow in wisdom” and “Depart to serve better the country and the kind.” Young people in China have also a motto, that is, “keep the motherland in heart and serve the people with heart and soul.” I hope that in the cause of building our own countries and promoting world peace and development, younger generations of China and the United States will understand each other better, learn from each other, enhance the friendship and strive for a better future.

Thank you very much for your attention.

               Source：USC US-China Institute

下面是中文對照翻譯：

校長先生，女士們，先生們：

　　我感謝Dr. Neil L. Rudenstine 校長的邀請，使我有機(jī)會在這美好的金秋時節(jié)，來到你們這座美國古老而又現(xiàn)代化的學(xué)府。

　　哈佛建校三百六十年來，培養(yǎng)出許多杰出的政治家、科學(xué)家、文學(xué)家和企業(yè)家，曾出過六位美國總統(tǒng)，三十多位諾貝爾獎獲得者。先有哈佛，后有美利堅合眾國，這說明了哈佛在美國歷史上的地位。

　　哈佛是最早接受中國留學(xué)生的美國大學(xué)之一。中國教育界、科學(xué)界、文化界一直同哈佛大學(xué)保持著學(xué)術(shù)交流。哈佛為增進(jìn)中美兩國人民的相互了解作出了有益的貢獻(xiàn)。

　　相互了解，是發(fā)展國與國之間關(guān)系的前提。惟有相互了解，才能增進(jìn)信任，加強(qiáng)合作。中美建交以來，我們兩國人民之間的相互交流與了解在逐漸擴(kuò)大和加深，但還不夠。為了推動中美關(guān)系的發(fā)展，中國需要進(jìn)一步了解美國，美國也需要進(jìn)一步了解中國。

　　要了解中國，可以有很多視角?，F(xiàn)實中國是歷史中國的發(fā)展。中國是一個有五千年文明歷史的國家，從歷史文化來了解和認(rèn)識中國，是一個重要的視角。

　　記得我在高中讀書時，老師給我們講微積分，第一課就是講《莊子》中的“一尺之棰，日取其半，萬世不竭”，很形象地使我建立起極限的概念。這表明中國古人就已認(rèn)識到事物的發(fā)展變化是無限的，也說明我們的先人對自然界的認(rèn)識已達(dá)到相當(dāng)?shù)乃?。早在公元前二千五百年，中國人就開始了仰觀天文、俯察地理的活動，逐漸形成了“天人合一”的宇宙觀。中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家，留下了浩如煙海的文化典籍。春秋戰(zhàn)國時期出現(xiàn)的“百家爭鳴”局面和老子、孔子等諸子百家的學(xué)說，在世界思想史上占有重要地位。古代中國在天文歷法、地學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、農(nóng)學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)和人文科學(xué)的許多領(lǐng)域，都作出過獨特的貢獻(xiàn)。殷商時期的甲骨文中就有日月之食的記載。從秦代到清末的二千一百多年間，哈雷彗星出現(xiàn)二十七次，中國都有記錄。漢代張衡發(fā)明了測定地震方位的地動儀和演示日月星辰的渾天儀。先秦的數(shù)學(xué)家提出了勾股定理。南北朝的祖沖之算出圓周率為3 ．1 4 1 5 9 2 6 。中國的絲織、制瓷、冶金、造船技術(shù)很早就達(dá)到世界的先進(jìn)水平。明代朱載首創(chuàng)十二平均律，后來被認(rèn)定為世界通行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)音調(diào)。中國的醫(yī)藥學(xué)在世界上獨樹一幟。特別是中國的造紙、火藥、印刷術(shù)、指南針?biāo)拇蟀l(fā)明，曾經(jīng)改變了世界的面貌。直到十五世紀(jì)以前，中國的科學(xué)技術(shù)在世界上保持了千年的領(lǐng)先地位。中國人的這些發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，體現(xiàn)了人與自然協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展、科學(xué)精神與道德理想相結(jié)合的理性光輝。

　　中國的歷史文化始終處于發(fā)展進(jìn)步之中。它是通過各種學(xué)科、各種學(xué)派的相互砥礪、相互滲透而發(fā)展的，也是通過同世界各國的相互交流、相互學(xué)習(xí)而進(jìn)步的。中國人早就懂得兼取眾長、以為己善的道理。漢、唐時期，既是經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的盛世，也是中外交流的盛世。張騫出使西域，開拓舉世聞名的“絲綢之路”。玄奘萬里取經(jīng)，帶回南亞國家的古老文化。明代鄭和“七下西洋”，把中華文化傳向遠(yuǎn)方的國度。但是后來特別是清代晚期，封建統(tǒng)治者實行閉關(guān)鎖國政策，阻礙了中國的進(jìn)步和中外交流。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以來，一代又一代先進(jìn)的中國人，為了振興中華，努力向西方國家學(xué)習(xí)先進(jìn)的科學(xué)思想和文明成果，并同中國的實際相結(jié)合，推動了中國社會的變革與發(fā)展。今天，正在為實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化而奮斗的中國人民，把對外開放作為一項基本國策，同世界各國進(jìn)行廣泛的交流與合作，開創(chuàng)了中國歷史上嶄新的開放局面。

　　陽光包含七種色彩，世界也是異彩紛呈。每個國家、每個民族都有自己的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)，都有自己的長處和優(yōu)勢，應(yīng)該相互尊重，相互學(xué)習(xí)，取長補(bǔ)短，共同進(jìn)步。

　　中國在自己發(fā)展的長河中，形成了優(yōu)良的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)。這些傳統(tǒng)，隨著時代變遷和社會進(jìn)步獲得揚棄和發(fā)展，對今天中國人的價值觀念、生活方式和中國的發(fā)展道路，具有深刻的影響。這里，我想就以下一些方面談些看法，希望有助于諸位對中國的了解。

　　一是團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一的傳統(tǒng)。中華民族是由五十六個民族組成的大家庭。從遙遠(yuǎn)的古代起，我國各族人民就建立了緊密的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)文化聯(lián)系，共同開發(fā)了祖國的河山，兩千多年前就形成了幅員廣闊的統(tǒng)一國家。悠久的中華文化，成為維系民族團(tuán)結(jié)和國家統(tǒng)一的牢固紐帶。團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一，深深印在中國人的民族意識中。中國歷史上雖曾出現(xiàn)過暫時的分裂現(xiàn)象，但民族團(tuán)結(jié)和國家統(tǒng)一始終是中華民族歷史的主流，是中國發(fā)展進(jìn)步的重要保障。新中國的成立，標(biāo)志著中華民族實現(xiàn)了空前的大團(tuán)結(jié)。各民族之間建立了平等、團(tuán)結(jié)、互助的新型關(guān)系。各民族人民依法享有各項權(quán)利和自由。在少數(shù)民族聚居的地方實行了區(qū)域自治。民族地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會獲得不斷的發(fā)展。所有這些，為鞏固國家統(tǒng)一奠定了堅實的政治基礎(chǔ)。

　　二是獨立自主的傳統(tǒng)。我們的先人歷來把獨立自主視為立國之本。中國作為人類文明發(fā)祥地之一，在幾千年的歷史進(jìn)程中，文化傳統(tǒng)始終沒有中斷。近代中國雖屢遭列強(qiáng)欺凌，國勢衰敗，但經(jīng)過全民族的百年抗?fàn)?，又以巨人的姿態(tài)重新站立起來。這充分說明，中國人獨立自主的民族精神具有堅不可摧的力量。今天，我們在探索自己的發(fā)展道路時，堅持從中國國情出發(fā)，來解決如何進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)政治文化建設(shè)的問題，而不照搬別國的模式。在處理國際事務(wù)中，我們采取獨立自主的立場和政策。中國人民珍惜同各國人民的友誼與合作，也珍惜自己經(jīng)過長期奮斗而得來的獨立自主權(quán)利。

　　三是愛好和平的傳統(tǒng)。我國先秦思想家就提出了“親仁善鄰，國之寶也”的思想，反映了自古以來中國人民就希望天下太平、同各國人民友好相處。今天，專心致志進(jìn)行現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的中國人民，更需要有一個長期的和平國際環(huán)境和良好的周邊環(huán)境。我國的對外政策，是以和平為宗旨的。我們堅持在和平共處五項原則，特別是在相互尊重、平等互利、互不干涉內(nèi)政的原則基礎(chǔ)上，同世界各國建立和發(fā)展友好合作關(guān)系。我們絕不會把自己曾經(jīng)遭受欺凌的苦難加之于人。中國的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步，不會對任何人構(gòu)成威脅。將來中國富強(qiáng)起來了，也永遠(yuǎn)不稱霸。中國始終是維護(hù)世界和平與地區(qū)穩(wěn)定的堅定力量。

　　四是自強(qiáng)不息的傳統(tǒng)。我們的先哲通過觀察宇宙萬物的變動不居，提出了“天行健，君子以自強(qiáng)不息”的思想，成為激勵中國人民變革創(chuàng)新、努力奮斗的精神力量。中國古代文明的發(fā)展，是中華民族艱苦奮斗、自強(qiáng)不息的結(jié)果。近百年來，為了擺脫半殖民地半封建的歷史境遇，中國人民進(jìn)行了艱苦卓絕、奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)的斗爭。

　　中國民主革命的先行者孫中山首先提出“振興中華”的口號，他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的辛亥革命，推翻了在中國延續(xù)幾千年的君主專制制度。在毛澤東思想指引下，中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國人民實現(xiàn)了民族獨立和人民解放，并把中國建設(shè)成為初步繁榮昌盛的社會主義國家。今天，在鄧小平理論指引下，我國人民堅定不移地實行改革開放，在現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中取得舉世矚目的成就。中國進(jìn)入了百年來發(fā)展最快最好的歷史時期。

　　改革開放，是中華民族自強(qiáng)不息和變革創(chuàng)新精神在當(dāng)代的集中體現(xiàn)和創(chuàng)造性發(fā)展。我們把改革開放叫作社會主義改革開放，因為它是中國社會主義制度的自我完善和發(fā)展。近二十年的實踐已充分證明，我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的，信念是堅定的，步驟是穩(wěn)妥的，方式是漸進(jìn)的，取得的成就是巨大的。雖然在前進(jìn)中也遇到這樣和那樣一些困難和風(fēng)險，但我們都順利地解決了，不僅沒有引起大的社會震動，而且極大地解放和發(fā)展了社會生產(chǎn)力，保持了社會穩(wěn)定和全面進(jìn)步。

　　現(xiàn)在，我們正在滿懷信心地全面推進(jìn)改革。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上，要加快建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化和經(jīng)濟(jì)的社會化、市場化、現(xiàn)代化；在政治上，要努力發(fā)展社會主義民主政治，依法治國，建設(shè)社會主義法治國家，保證人民充分行使管理國家和社會事務(wù)的權(quán)力；在文化上，要積極建設(shè)面向現(xiàn)代化、面向世界、面向未來的，民族的科學(xué)的大眾的社會主義文化，實行科教興國戰(zhàn)略，不斷提高全民族的思想道德素質(zhì)和科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)。總起來說，就是要把中國建成富強(qiáng)民主文明的現(xiàn)代化國家。

　　中國作為疆域遼闊、人口眾多、歷史悠久的國家，應(yīng)該對人類有較大的貢獻(xiàn)。中國人民所以要進(jìn)行百年不屈不撓的斗爭，所以要實行一次又一次的偉大變革、實現(xiàn)國家的繁榮富強(qiáng)，所以要加強(qiáng)民族團(tuán)結(jié)、完成祖國統(tǒng)一大業(yè)，所以要促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)，歸根到底就是為了一個目標(biāo)：實現(xiàn)中華民族的偉大復(fù)興，爭取對人類作出新的更大的貢獻(xiàn)。

　　總之，今天中國所選擇的社會制度和發(fā)展道路，實行的內(nèi)外政策，確定的下個世紀(jì)的奮斗目標(biāo)，既有現(xiàn)實的根據(jù)，又有歷史的淵源；既符合人類歷史發(fā)展的趨勢和時代潮流，又具有中華民族自己的特色；既符合中國人民的根本利益，又有利于世界的和平、穩(wěn)定、繁榮與進(jìn)步。掌握這一點，乃是了解和認(rèn)識中國現(xiàn)狀與未來的關(guān)鍵。

　　中美兩國人民的友好交往，已有二百多年歷史。一七八四年，美國商船“中國皇后號”遠(yuǎn)航到中國。一八四七年，中國最早的一批留美學(xué)生容閎等人赴美求學(xué)。許多中國人參加了美國的建設(shè)事業(yè)，不少美國人同情和幫助過中國的民族解放事業(yè)。他們的動人事跡，我們永遠(yuǎn)記在心中。

　　中國人民一向欽佩美國人民的求實精神和創(chuàng)造精神。昨天，我參觀了國際商用機(jī)器公司、美國電話電報公司和貝爾實驗室，領(lǐng)略了當(dāng)代科技發(fā)展的前沿成就。科學(xué)技術(shù)的突飛猛進(jìn)，越來越深刻地影響著世界政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的格局和人們的社會生活。堅持變革創(chuàng)新，理想就會變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。我們在擴(kuò)大開放、實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程中，重視學(xué)習(xí)和吸收美國人民創(chuàng)造的一切優(yōu)秀文化成果。

　　中美兩國人民的友好合作對世界具有重大影響。美國是最發(fā)達(dá)的資本主義國家，中國是最大的發(fā)展中國家。十二億人口的中國保持穩(wěn)定和加快發(fā)展，對促進(jìn)亞太地區(qū)和世界的穩(wěn)定與發(fā)展，具有極其重要的意義。中國擁有廣大的市場和發(fā)展需求，美國擁有先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)和巨大的物質(zhì)力量，兩國之間有著很強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)互補(bǔ)性。中國的潛在市場同國外的先進(jìn)技術(shù)和資金優(yōu)勢結(jié)合起來，就能形成眾多的發(fā)展機(jī)遇和強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展活力。中國和美國，在事關(guān)人類生存和發(fā)展的許多重大問題上，例如維護(hù)世界和平與安全，防止大規(guī)模殺傷性武器擴(kuò)散，保護(hù)人類生存環(huán)境，打擊國際犯罪等，有著廣泛的共同利益，肩負(fù)著共同責(zé)任。這些都是中美兩國發(fā)展友好合作的重要基礎(chǔ)。我們應(yīng)該牢牢把握中美關(guān)系的大局，妥善解決分歧，不斷朝著增進(jìn)了解、擴(kuò)大共識、發(fā)展合作、共創(chuàng)未來的目標(biāo)前進(jìn)。

　　這次訪問期間，我同克林頓總統(tǒng)就中美關(guān)系的未來發(fā)展，深入交換了意見，達(dá)成了廣泛共識。雙方同意，為了促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)，中美應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)合作，努力建立面向二十一世紀(jì)的建設(shè)性的戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系。這標(biāo)志著中美關(guān)系進(jìn)入了一個新的發(fā)展階段。

　　哈佛大學(xué)一向重視對中國的研究。貴校已故的費正清教授，就是畢生從事中國歷史文化研究的知名學(xué)者。為了有助于研究中國的歷史和現(xiàn)實，我愿向貴校贈送一套新出版的《毛澤東評點二十四史》。二十四史是記載中國幾千年歷史的重要典籍。毛澤東先生一生對二十四史做過許多評點和批注，為認(rèn)識中國的歷史和吸取歷史經(jīng)驗，留下了豐富的思想遺產(chǎn)。我高興地得知，Dr. Neil L. Rudenstine 校長將于明年訪華，我期待在北京與你再次見面。

　　我很欣賞哈佛校門上的一段話：“為增長智慧走進(jìn)來，為服務(wù)祖國和同胞走出去。”中國青年也把“胸懷祖國、服務(wù)人民”作為自己的座右銘。我希望中美兩國青年在建設(shè)各自國家、促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展的事業(yè)中，加深了解，互相學(xué)習(xí)，增進(jìn)友誼，為創(chuàng)造美好的未來而努力奮斗。

　　謝謝各位！

來源：《人民日報》（19971102一版）

The post 江澤民97年哈佛大學(xué)英文演講原稿和中文對照翻譯 first appeared on 廈門精藝達(dá)翻譯服務(wù)有限公司.

原因：“Vax”的使用量是 2020 年的 72 倍。

除了它與 COVID 疫苗的明顯關(guān)系之外，它崛起的一個促成因素是它的功能多樣性。它可以通俗地用作名詞或動詞，它是許多其他短語的詞根，例如vax cards （疫苗接種卡），getting vaxxed（接種疫苗），vax sites（疫苗接種地點）、double-vaxxed（接種兩劑疫苗）、 being fully vaxxed（完全接種疫苗）、anti-vaxxer（反疫苗者）、unvaxxed（未接種疫苗）。

“vaccine”一詞源自拉丁語 vacca 或“cow”，源于一種完全不同的病毒。在 1790 年代至 1800 年代初期，科學(xué)家 Edward Jenner 使用感染天花的奶牛的膿液注入人的皮膚，從而保護(hù)他們免受疾病的侵害。 “Vaccine”用于表示實際的傳染性牛痘。而“vaccinate” 和 “vaccination”，曾經(jīng)用來指只針對牛痘的接種，現(xiàn)在有了更普遍的含義。

1801 年，“vaccinator”開始被用來形容倡導(dǎo)或執(zhí)行疫苗接種的人，1804 年，倡導(dǎo)疫苗接種的首選術(shù)語演變?yōu)椤皏accinist”。 到了1851 年，“vaccinationist”接棒成為描述疫苗支持者的詞。

“vax”這個詞本身首先在 1980 年代作為名詞出現(xiàn)，然后在 21 世紀(jì)初作為動詞出現(xiàn)。

疫苗一直是一個有爭議的問題，它影響了英語這種語言。 “Anti-vax”在 1800 年代初期用作“anti-vaccinist”的縮寫形式，出現(xiàn)在“vax”之前。此后，它采用了多種不同的拼寫方式，例如 2000 年問世的“anti-vaxx”。

———部分來源于Fortune

The post “Vax”成為2021年《牛津英語詞典》年度英語熱詞 first appeared on 廈門精藝達(dá)翻譯服務(wù)有限公司.

The post 看一看“外號大王”川普總統(tǒng)都給別人起了什么綽號 first appeared on 廈門精藝達(dá)翻譯服務(wù)有限公司.

The post 美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬夫婦猴年春節(jié)賀詞-供翻譯愛好者學(xué)習(xí) first appeared on 廈門精藝達(dá)翻譯服務(wù)有限公司.

雙語周刊編輯部對于精藝達(dá)公司的合作和翻譯質(zhì)量做出了這樣的評價：“2003年，憑借過硬的翻譯質(zhì)量，精藝達(dá)翻譯公司從眾多的競爭對手中脫穎而出， 成為廈門日報雙語周刊的合作伙伴，負(fù)責(zé)周刊本地新聞的翻譯及其他應(yīng)急翻譯工作。七年來，他們每次都能高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高時效地完成任務(wù)，其專業(yè)精神贏得了雙語周刊全 體采編人員的信任與好評?！?/p>

依托《廈門日報》巨大的影響力和優(yōu)質(zhì)的受眾人群，公司今后將會在新聞翻譯、會務(wù)翻譯、廣告宣傳翻譯等方面加大投入，爭取更大的市場份額。

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The post 廈門精藝達(dá)翻譯公司與《廈門日報》雙語周刊的長期合作獲得了廣泛好評 first appeared on 廈門精藝達(dá)翻譯服務(wù)有限公司.

這幾天新聞上出現(xiàn)很常見的一個詞：Ponzi scheme。美國華爾街傳奇人物、納斯達(dá)克股票市場公司前董事會主席伯納德·麥道夫11日晨因涉嫌“龐氏騙局”證券欺詐遭警方逮捕。檢察人員指控他通過操縱一只對沖基金給投資者損失大約至少500億美元。

Ponzi scheme 到底是怎么回事呢？查了相關(guān)資料，解釋如下：

A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation that involves paying abnormally high returns to investors out of the money paid in by subsequent investors, rather than from the profit from any real business. It is named after Charles Ponzi. A Ponzi scheme has similarities with a pyramid scheme though the two types of fraud are different.

It usually offers abnormally high short-term returns in order to entice new investors. The perpetuation of the high returns that a Ponzi scheme advertises (and pays) requires an ever-increasing flow of money from investors in order to keep the scheme going.

The system is destined to collapse because there are little or no underlying earnings from the money received by the promoter. However, the scheme is often interrupted by legal authorities before it collapses, because a Ponzi scheme is suspected and/or because the promoter is selling unregistered securities. As more investors become involved, the likelihood of the scheme coming to the attention of authorities increases.

The scheme is named after Charles Ponzi, who became notorious for using the technique after emigrating from Italy to the United States in 1903. Ponzi was not the first to invent such a scheme, but his operation took in so much money that it was the first to become known throughout the United States. His original scheme was in theory based on arbitraging international reply coupons for postage stamps, but soon diverted later investors’ money to support payments to earlier investors and Ponzi’s personal wealth. Today’s schemes are often considerably more sophisticated than Ponzi’s, although the underlying formula is quite similar and the principle behind every Ponzi scheme is to exploit investor na?veté. However, it has been shown that entering a Ponzi scheme can be rational even at the last round of the scheme if a government will likely bail out those participating in the Ponzi scheme.

用一句話來揭示“龐氏騙局”，就是“拆東墻補(bǔ)西墻”或“借錢還錢”。施騙人以超乎常規(guī)的畸高回報吸引投資者，然后用新投資者的錢償付老投資者，造成高額回 報兌現(xiàn)的假象，再誘騙投資者連本帶利繼續(xù)投資。如此不斷往復(fù)，雪球越滾越大，參與者越來越多，受騙資金也累積不斷增長，施騙人得以從中牟取非法暴利。

“龐氏騙局”得名于一個名叫查爾斯·龐茲的意大利商人。龐茲1903年從意大利移民到美國，1920年開始從事投資欺詐，短短半年間便從一個默默無名的窮商人，變成波士頓家喻戶曉的百萬富翁。

龐茲的騙術(shù)就是向投資者宣揚國際間郵票的套利交易，他向投資者承諾45天將給予50%的回報，90天則將“讓你的投資翻番”。事實上，龐茲的手法就是將新投資者的錢，償付給前期投資者以及進(jìn)入自己的腰包。

由于前期投資者“的確”獲得巨大的投資回報，便到處予以宣揚，于是更多新投資者攜帶現(xiàn)金紛至沓來。最終，共有約4萬人投資1500萬美元，當(dāng)騙局被戳穿時，只有約三分之一的資金償還給投資者。

如今的“龐氏騙局”已比龐茲的騙術(shù)復(fù)雜得多，但基本原理還是相通的。首先，施騙人會向投資者描繪一個“聽上去很美”的投資方式，如“全球貨幣套利”、“避險期貨交易”、“高回報離岸投資”等，伴隨30天20%高回報的承諾誘惑。

由于沒有過往業(yè)績的證明，最初只會有一小部分的投資者受騙，投入金額不會很多。當(dāng)30天后收到本金外加20%的利息后，嘗到甜頭的投資者會有更多動力投入更多的錢，并口口相傳引來更多投資者。

顯而易見，整個行騙過程并沒有實質(zhì)的利潤產(chǎn)生，投資者的回報完全是后來者新資金及自己擴(kuò)大再投資帶來的錢。當(dāng)投資者D投入資金后，他的錢被當(dāng)作“利潤”償付給投資者A、B、C，而當(dāng)投資者X、Y、Z被騙進(jìn)后，他們的錢又能用來償付投資者A到投資者W。

為最大限度地降低資金鏈繃斷的風(fēng)險，施騙人會想方設(shè)法減少投資人的資金贖回，如規(guī)定一個較長期限的凍結(jié)期，這樣施騙人就能有充足的時間吸引新投資者“入甕”。

騙局終有被戳穿的一天，主要是有三方面的原因：施騙人攜款潛逃；規(guī)模超負(fù)荷，新資金增速放緩，承諾回報償付出現(xiàn)問題，導(dǎo)致越來越多投資者要求贖回；行騙手法暴露，司法機(jī)關(guān)介入調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)所謂的企業(yè)資產(chǎn)根本不存在。

莫道夫事件敗露，緣自一個新的直接導(dǎo)火索，即這場百年一遇的全球金融危機(jī)。

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